Cisco Hierarchical Internetworking Model: Cisco has defined a hierarchical model known as the hierarchical internetworking model. This model simplifies the task of building a reliable, scalable, and less expensive hierarchical internetwork because rather than focusing on packet construction, it focuses on the three functional areas, or layers, of your network: Core layer: This layer is considered the backbone of the network and includes the high-end switches and high-speed cables such as fiber cables. This layer [...]

Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) is a Cisco proprietary (layer 2) protocol that provides information about directly connected Cisco routers and switches (if enabled on the switch). CDP messages are not forwarded and, of course, not routed (layer 2). The protocol operates transparently and is enabled by default on all Cisco routers. It can be useful if you are trying to troubleshoot a connectivity problem. If the Data Link layer is operating, [...]

OSI Layer Model: 7 layers of osi model: The International Standards Organization (ISO) developed the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model to define functional communications standards. This reference model is widely used by equipment manufacturers to assure their products will interoperate with products from other vendors. The OSI model describes the functions that are performed in data communications. The model architecture is seven layers those are listed below with each layer defining specific functions. Layer [...]

Networking Interview Questions Part-4 1. What are 10Base2, 10Base5 and 10BaseT Ethernet LANs 10Base2—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling, with a contiguous cable segment length of 100 meters and a maximum of 2 segments. 10Base5—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling, with 5 continuous segments not exceeding 100 meters per segment. 10BaseT—An Ethernet term [...]

Networking Interview Quesitons part-3 81 :: What is logical link control? One of two sublayers of the data link layer of OSI reference model, as defined by the IEEE 802 standard. This sublayer is responsible for maintaining the link between computers when they are sending data across the physical network connection. 82 :: What is traffic shaping? One of the main causes of congestion is that traffic is often busy. If hosts could be made [...]

Basic Hardware And  Networking Interview Questions: Here are the basic interview questions for hardware which will be very helpful in attending the interviews …. 1.      What is system restore? Ans: System Restore is a component of Microsoft’s Windows Me, Windows XP and Windows    Vista operating systems that allows for the rolling back of system files… 2.      What is system defragmentation? Ans: You’ll find it by clicking Start -> All Programs -> Accessories -> System Tools [...]

This is the second part of Networking Interview questions……….. 41 :: What are called Fat clients and Fat servers? If the bulk of the application runs on the Client side, then it is Fat clients. It is used for decision support and personal software. If the bulk of the application runs on the Server side, then it is Fat servers. It tries to minimize network interchanges by creating more abstract levels of services. 42 :: [...]